AODE.java
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weka.classifiers.bayes |
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Weka |
View: Reasons, Metrics, Source Code
These are the metrics that contribute to the Enerjy Score for this file, ranked by impact. So the metrics listed at the top influence the score to a greater extent that the metrics listed at the bottom.
| Metric | Description | |
|---|---|---|
| EXEC_COMMENTS | Comments in executable code |  |
| JAVA0034 | JAVA0034 Missing braces in if statement | |
| DECL_COMMENTS | Comments in declarations | |
| LINE_COMMENT | Number of line comments | |
| DOC_COMMENT | Number of javadoc comment lines | |
| COMMENTS | Comment lines | |
| JAVA0177 | JAVA0177 Variable declaration missing initializer | |
| SIZE | Size of the file in bytes | |
| LOOPS | Number of loops | |
| LINES | Number of lines in the source file | |
| JAVA0233 | JAVA0233 Definition of serialVersionUID other than 'private static final long serialVersionUID' | |
| JAVA0082 | JAVA0082 Unnecessary widening cast | |
| LOGICAL_LINES | Number of statements | |
| ELOC | Effective lines of code | |
| OPERATORS | Number of operators | |
| PROGRAM_LENGTH | Halstead program length | |
| OPERANDS | Number of operands | |
| LOC | Lines of code | |
| PROGRAM_VOCAB | Halstead program vocabulary | |
| UNIQUE_OPERANDS | Number of unique operands | |
| UNIQUE_OPERATORS | Number of unique operators | |
| WHITESPACE | Number of whitespace lines | |
| JAVA0117 | JAVA0117 Missing javadoc: method 'method' | |
| JAVA0144 | JAVA0144 Line exceeds maximum M characters | |
| JAVA0094 | JAVA0094 Field hides a superclass field | |
| PROGRAM_VOLUME | Halstead program volume | |
| CYCLOMATIC | Cyclomatic complexity | |
| JAVA0136 | JAVA0136 N methods defined in class (maximum: M) | |
| JAVA0266 | JAVA0266 Use of System.out | |
| EXITS | Procedure exits | |
| JAVA0126 | JAVA0126 Method declares unchecked exception in throws | |
| JAVA0110 | JAVA0110 Incorrect javadoc: no @return tag | |
| BLOCKS | Number of blocks | |
| JAVA0100 | JAVA0100 Class contains N non-final fields (maximum: M) | |
| JAVA0108 | JAVA0108 Incorrect javadoc: no @param tag for 'parameter' | |
| NEST_DEPTH | Maximum nesting depth | |
| JAVA0145 | JAVA0145 Tab character used in source file | |
/*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
* the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
* (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
*/
/*
* AODE.java
* Copyright (C) 2003
* Algorithm developed by: Geoff Webb
* Code written by: Janice Boughton & Zhihai Wang
*/
package weka.classifiers.bayes;
import weka.classifiers.Classifier;
import weka.classifiers.UpdateableClassifier;
import weka.core.Capabilities;
import weka.core.Instance;
import weka.core.Instances;
import weka.core.Option;
import weka.core.OptionHandler;
import weka.core.RevisionUtils;
import weka.core.TechnicalInformation;
import weka.core.TechnicalInformationHandler;
import weka.core.Utils;
import weka.core.WeightedInstancesHandler;
import weka.core.Capabilities.Capability;
import weka.core.TechnicalInformation.Field;
import weka.core.TechnicalInformation.Type;
import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.Vector;
/**
<!-- globalinfo-start -->
* AODE achieves highly accurate classification by averaging over all of a small space of alternative naive-Bayes-like models that have weaker (and hence less detrimental) independence assumptions than naive Bayes. The resulting algorithm is computationally efficient while delivering highly accurate classification on many learning tasks.<br/>
* <br/>
* For more information, see<br/>
* <br/>
* G. Webb, J. Boughton, Z. Wang (2005). Not So Naive Bayes: Aggregating One-Dependence Estimators. Machine Learning. 58(1):5-24.<br/>
* <br/>
* Further papers are available at<br/>
* http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~webb/.<br/>
* <br/>
* Can use an m-estimate for smoothing base probability estimates in place of the Laplace correction (via option -M).<br/>
* Default frequency limit set to 1.
* <p/>
<!-- globalinfo-end -->
*
<!-- technical-bibtex-start -->
* BibTeX:
* <pre>
* @article{Webb2005,
* author = {G. Webb and J. Boughton and Z. Wang},
* journal = {Machine Learning},
* number = {1},
* pages = {5-24},
* title = {Not So Naive Bayes: Aggregating One-Dependence Estimators},
* volume = {58},
* year = {2005}
* }
* </pre>
* <p/>
<!-- technical-bibtex-end -->
*
<!-- options-start -->
* Valid options are: <p/>
*
* <pre> -D
* Output debugging information
* </pre>
*
* <pre> -F <int>
* Impose a frequency limit for superParents
* (default is 1)</pre>
*
* <pre> -M
* Use m-estimate instead of laplace correction
* </pre>
*
* <pre> -W <int>
* Specify a weight to use with m-estimate
* (default is 1)</pre>
*
<!-- options-end -->
*
* @author Janice Boughton (jrbought@csse.monash.edu.au)
* @author Zhihai Wang (zhw@csse.monash.edu.au)
* @version $Revision: 1.19 $
*/
public class AODE
extends Classifier
implements OptionHandler, WeightedInstancesHandler, UpdateableClassifier,
TechnicalInformationHandler {
/** for serialization */
static final long serialVersionUID = 9197439980415113523L;
/**
* 3D array (m_NumClasses * m_TotalAttValues * m_TotalAttValues)
* of attribute counts, i.e., the number of times an attribute value occurs
* in conjunction with another attribute value and a class value.
*/
private double [][][] m_CondiCounts;
/** The number of times each class value occurs in the dataset */
private double [] m_ClassCounts;
/** The sums of attribute-class counts
* -- if there are no missing values for att, then
* m_SumForCounts[classVal][att] will be the same as
* m_ClassCounts[classVal]
*/
private double [][] m_SumForCounts;
/** The number of classes */
private int m_NumClasses;
/** The number of attributes in dataset, including class */
private int m_NumAttributes;
/** The number of instances in the dataset */
private int m_NumInstances;
/** The index of the class attribute */
private int m_ClassIndex;
/** The dataset */
private Instances m_Instances;
/**
* The total number of values (including an extra for each attribute's
* missing value, which are included in m_CondiCounts) for all attributes
* (not including class). E.g., for three atts each with two possible values,
* m_TotalAttValues would be 9 (6 values + 3 missing).
* This variable is used when allocating space for m_CondiCounts matrix.
*/
private int m_TotalAttValues;
/** The starting index (in the m_CondiCounts matrix) of the values for each
* attribute */
private int [] m_StartAttIndex;
/** The number of values for each attribute */
private int [] m_NumAttValues;
/** The frequency of each attribute value for the dataset */
private double [] m_Frequencies;
/** The number of valid class values observed in dataset
* -- with no missing classes, this number is the same as m_NumInstances.
*/
private double m_SumInstances;
/** An att's frequency must be this value or more to be a superParent */
private int m_Limit = 1;
/** If true, outputs debugging info */
private boolean m_Debug = false;
/** flag for using m-estimates */
private boolean m_MEstimates = false;
/** value for m in m-estimate */
private int m_Weight = 1;
/**
* Returns a string describing this classifier
* @return a description of the classifier suitable for
* displaying in the explorer/experimenter gui
*/
public String globalInfo() {
return "AODE achieves highly accurate classification by averaging over "
+"all of a small space of alternative naive-Bayes-like models that have "
+"weaker (and hence less detrimental) independence assumptions than "
+"naive Bayes. The resulting algorithm is computationally efficient "
+"while delivering highly accurate classification on many learning "
+"tasks.\n\n"
+"For more information, see\n\n"
+ getTechnicalInformation().toString() + "\n\n"
+"Further papers are available at\n"
+" http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~webb/.\n\n"
+ "Can use an m-estimate for smoothing base probability estimates "
+ "in place of the Laplace correction (via option -M).\n"
+ "Default frequency limit set to 1.";
}
/**
* Returns an instance of a TechnicalInformation object, containing
* detailed information about the technical background of this class,
* e.g., paper reference or book this class is based on.
*
* @return the technical information about this class
*/
public TechnicalInformation getTechnicalInformation() {
TechnicalInformation result;
result = new TechnicalInformation(Type.ARTICLE);
result.setValue(Field.AUTHOR, "G. Webb and J. Boughton and Z. Wang");
result.setValue(Field.YEAR, "2005");
result.setValue(Field.TITLE, "Not So Naive Bayes: Aggregating One-Dependence Estimators");
result.setValue(Field.JOURNAL, "Machine Learning");
result.setValue(Field.VOLUME, "58");
result.setValue(Field.NUMBER, "1");
result.setValue(Field.PAGES, "5-24");
return result;
}
/**
* Returns default capabilities of the classifier.
*
* @return the capabilities of this classifier
*/
public Capabilities getCapabilities() {
Capabilities result = super.getCapabilities();
// attributes
result.enable(Capability.NOMINAL_ATTRIBUTES);
result.enable(Capability.MISSING_VALUES);
// class
result.enable(Capability.NOMINAL_CLASS);
result.enable(Capability.MISSING_CLASS_VALUES);
// instances
result.setMinimumNumberInstances(0);
return result;
}
/**
* Generates the classifier.
*
* @param instances set of instances serving as training data
* @throws Exception if the classifier has not been generated
* successfully
*/
public void buildClassifier(Instances instances) throws Exception {
// can classifier handle the data?
getCapabilities().testWithFail(instances);
// remove instances with missing class
m_Instances = new Instances(instances);
m_Instances.deleteWithMissingClass();
// reset variable for this fold
m_SumInstances = 0;
m_ClassIndex = instances.classIndex();
m_NumInstances = m_Instances.numInstances();
m_NumAttributes = m_Instances.numAttributes();
m_NumClasses = m_Instances.numClasses();
// allocate space for attribute reference arrays
m_StartAttIndex = new int[m_NumAttributes];
m_NumAttValues = new int[m_NumAttributes];
m_TotalAttValues = 0;
for(int i = 0; i < m_NumAttributes; i++) {
if(i != m_ClassIndex) {
m_StartAttIndex[i] = m_TotalAttValues;
m_NumAttValues[i] = m_Instances.attribute(i).numValues();
m_TotalAttValues += m_NumAttValues[i] + 1;
// + 1 so room for missing value count
} else {
// m_StartAttIndex[i] = -1; // class isn't included
m_NumAttValues[i] = m_NumClasses;
}
}
// allocate space for counts and frequencies
m_CondiCounts = new double[m_NumClasses][m_TotalAttValues][m_TotalAttValues];
m_ClassCounts = new double[m_NumClasses];
m_SumForCounts = new double[m_NumClasses][m_NumAttributes];
m_Frequencies = new double[m_TotalAttValues];
// calculate the counts
for(int k = 0; k < m_NumInstances; k++) {
addToCounts((Instance)m_Instances.instance(k));
}
// free up some space
m_Instances = new Instances(m_Instances, 0);
}
/**
* Updates the classifier with the given instance.
*
* @param instance the new training instance to include in the model
*/
public void updateClassifier(Instance instance) {
this.addToCounts(instance);
}
/**
* Puts an instance's values into m_CondiCounts, m_ClassCounts and
* m_SumInstances.
*
* @param instance the instance whose values are to be put into the counts
* variables
*/
private void addToCounts(Instance instance) {
double [] countsPointer;
if(instance.classIsMissing())
return; // ignore instances with missing class
int classVal = (int)instance.classValue();
double weight = instance.weight();
m_ClassCounts[classVal] += weight;
m_SumInstances += weight;
// store instance's att val indexes in an array, b/c accessing it
// in loop(s) is more efficient
int [] attIndex = new int[m_NumAttributes];
for(int i = 0; i < m_NumAttributes; i++) {
if(i == m_ClassIndex)
attIndex[i] = -1; // we don't use the class attribute in counts
else {
if(instance.isMissing(i))
attIndex[i] = m_StartAttIndex[i] + m_NumAttValues[i];
else
attIndex[i] = m_StartAttIndex[i] + (int)instance.value(i);
}
}
for(int Att1 = 0; Att1 < m_NumAttributes; Att1++) {
if(attIndex[Att1] == -1)
continue; // avoid pointless looping as Att1 is currently the class attribute
m_Frequencies[attIndex[Att1]] += weight;
// if this is a missing value, we don't want to increase sumforcounts
if(!instance.isMissing(Att1))
m_SumForCounts[classVal][Att1] += weight;
// save time by referencing this now, rather than do it repeatedly in the loop
countsPointer = m_CondiCounts[classVal][attIndex[Att1]];
for(int Att2 = 0; Att2 < m_NumAttributes; Att2++) {
if(attIndex[Att2] != -1) {
countsPointer[attIndex[Att2]] += weight;
}
}
}
}
/**
* Calculates the class membership probabilities for the given test
* instance.
*
* @param instance the instance to be classified
* @return predicted class probability distribution
* @throws Exception if there is a problem generating the prediction
*/
public double [] distributionForInstance(Instance instance) throws Exception {
// accumulates posterior probabilities for each class
double [] probs = new double[m_NumClasses];
// index for parent attribute value, and a count of parents used
int pIndex, parentCount;
// pointers for efficiency
// for current class, point to joint frequency for any pair of att values
double [][] countsForClass;
// for current class & parent, point to joint frequency for any att value
double [] countsForClassParent;
// store instance's att indexes in an int array, so accessing them
// is more efficient in loop(s).
int [] attIndex = new int[m_NumAttributes];
for(int att = 0; att < m_NumAttributes; att++) {
if(instance.isMissing(att) || att == m_ClassIndex)
attIndex[att] = -1; // can't use class or missing values in calculations
else
attIndex[att] = m_StartAttIndex[att] + (int)instance.value(att);
}
// calculate probabilities for each possible class value
for(int classVal = 0; classVal < m_NumClasses; classVal++) {
probs[classVal] = 0;
double spodeP = 0; // P(X,y) for current parent and class
parentCount = 0;
countsForClass = m_CondiCounts[classVal];
// each attribute has a turn of being the parent
for(int parent = 0; parent < m_NumAttributes; parent++) {
if(attIndex[parent] == -1)
continue; // skip class attribute or missing value
// determine correct index for the parent in m_CondiCounts matrix
pIndex = attIndex[parent];
// check that the att value has a frequency of m_Limit or greater
if(m_Frequencies[pIndex] < m_Limit)
continue;
countsForClassParent = countsForClass[pIndex];
// block the parent from being its own child
attIndex[parent] = -1;
parentCount++;
// joint frequency of class and parent
double classparentfreq = countsForClassParent[pIndex];
// find the number of missing values for parent's attribute
double missing4ParentAtt =
m_Frequencies[m_StartAttIndex[parent] + m_NumAttValues[parent]];
// calculate the prior probability -- P(parent & classVal)
if (!m_MEstimates) {
spodeP = (classparentfreq + 1.0)
/ ((m_SumInstances - missing4ParentAtt) + m_NumClasses
* m_NumAttValues[parent]);
} else {
spodeP = (classparentfreq + ((double)m_Weight
/ (double)(m_NumClasses * m_NumAttValues[parent])))
/ ((m_SumInstances - missing4ParentAtt) + m_Weight);
}
// take into account the value of each attribute
for(int att = 0; att < m_NumAttributes; att++) {
if(attIndex[att] == -1)
continue;
double missingForParentandChildAtt =
countsForClassParent[m_StartAttIndex[att] + m_NumAttValues[att]];
if(!m_MEstimates) {
spodeP *= (countsForClassParent[attIndex[att]] + 1.0)
/ ((classparentfreq - missingForParentandChildAtt)
+ m_NumAttValues[att]);
} else {
spodeP *= (countsForClassParent[attIndex[att]]
+ ((double)m_Weight / (double)m_NumAttValues[att]))
/ ((classparentfreq - missingForParentandChildAtt)
+ m_Weight);
}
}
// add this probability to the overall probability
probs[classVal] += spodeP;
// unblock the parent
attIndex[parent] = pIndex;
}
// check that at least one att was a parent
if(parentCount < 1) {
// do plain naive bayes conditional prob
probs[classVal] = NBconditionalProb(instance, classVal);
} else {
// divide by number of parent atts to get the mean
probs[classVal] /= (double)(parentCount);
}
}
Utils.normalize(probs);
return probs;
}
/**
* Calculates the probability of the specified class for the given test
* instance, using naive Bayes.
*
* @param instance the instance to be classified
* @param classVal the class for which to calculate the probability
* @return predicted class probability
*/
public double NBconditionalProb(Instance instance, int classVal) {
double prob;
double [][] pointer;
// calculate the prior probability
if(!m_MEstimates) {
prob = (m_ClassCounts[classVal] + 1.0) / (m_SumInstances + m_NumClasses);
} else {
prob = (m_ClassCounts[classVal]
+ ((double)m_Weight / (double)m_NumClasses))
/ (m_SumInstances + m_Weight);
}
pointer = m_CondiCounts[classVal];
// consider effect of each att value
for(int att = 0; att < m_NumAttributes; att++) {
if(att == m_ClassIndex || instance.isMissing(att))
continue;
// determine correct index for att in m_CondiCounts
int aIndex = m_StartAttIndex[att] + (int)instance.value(att);
if(!m_MEstimates) {
prob *= (double)(pointer[aIndex][aIndex] + 1.0)
/ ((double)m_SumForCounts[classVal][att] + m_NumAttValues[att]);
} else {
prob *= (double)(pointer[aIndex][aIndex]
+ ((double)m_Weight / (double)m_NumAttValues[att]))
/ (double)(m_SumForCounts[classVal][att] + m_Weight);
}
}
return prob;
}
/**
* Returns an enumeration describing the available options
*
* @return an enumeration of all the available options
*/
public Enumeration listOptions() {
Vector newVector = new Vector(4);
newVector.addElement(
new Option("\tOutput debugging information\n",
"D", 0,"-D"));
newVector.addElement(
new Option("\tImpose a frequency limit for superParents\n"
+ "\t(default is 1)", "F", 1,"-F <int>"));
newVector.addElement(
new Option("\tUse m-estimate instead of laplace correction\n",
"M", 0,"-M"));
newVector.addElement(
new Option("\tSpecify a weight to use with m-estimate\n"
+ "\t(default is 1)", "W", 1,"-W <int>"));
return newVector.elements();
}
/**
* Parses a given list of options. <p/>
*
<!-- options-start -->
* Valid options are: <p/>
*
* <pre> -D
* Output debugging information
* </pre>
*
* <pre> -F <int>
* Impose a frequency limit for superParents
* (default is 1)</pre>
*
* <pre> -M
* Use m-estimate instead of laplace correction
* </pre>
*
* <pre> -W <int>
* Specify a weight to use with m-estimate
* (default is 1)</pre>
*
<!-- options-end -->
*
* @param options the list of options as an array of strings
* @throws Exception if an option is not supported
*/
public void setOptions(String[] options) throws Exception {
m_Debug = Utils.getFlag('D', options);
String Freq = Utils.getOption('F', options);
if (Freq.length() != 0)
m_Limit = Integer.parseInt(Freq);
else
m_Limit = 1;
m_MEstimates = Utils.getFlag('M', options);
String weight = Utils.getOption('W', options);
if (weight.length() != 0) {
if (!m_MEstimates)
throw new Exception("Can't use Laplace AND m-estimate weight. Choose one.");
m_Weight = Integer.parseInt(weight);
}
else {
if (m_MEstimates)
m_Weight = 1;
}
Utils.checkForRemainingOptions(options);
}
/**
* Gets the current settings of the classifier.
*
* @return an array of strings suitable for passing to setOptions
*/
public String [] getOptions() {
Vector result = new Vector();
if (m_Debug)
result.add("-D");
result.add("-F");
result.add("" + m_Limit);
if (m_MEstimates) {
result.add("-M");
result.add("-W");
result.add("" + m_Weight);
}
return (String[]) result.toArray(new String[result.size()]);
}
/**
* Returns the tip text for this property
* @return tip text for this property suitable for
* displaying in the explorer/experimenter gui
*/
public String weightTipText() {
return "Set the weight for m-estimate.";
}
/**
* Sets the weight for m-estimate
*
* @param w the weight
*/
public void setWeight(int w) {
if (!getUseMEstimates()) {
System.out.println(
"Weight is only used in conjunction with m-estimate - ignored!");
}
else {
if (w > 0)
m_Weight = w;
else
System.out.println("Weight must be greater than 0!");
}
}
/**
* Gets the weight used in m-estimate
*
* @return the frequency limit
*/
public int getWeight() {
return m_Weight;
}
/**
* Returns the tip text for this property
* @return tip text for this property suitable for
* displaying in the explorer/experimenter gui
*/
public String useMEstimatesTipText() {
return "Use m-estimate instead of laplace correction.";
}
/**
* Gets if m-estimaces is being used.
*
* @return Value of m_MEstimates.
*/
public boolean getUseMEstimates() {
return m_MEstimates;
}
/**
* Sets if m-estimates is to be used.
*
* @param value Value to assign to m_MEstimates.
*/
public void setUseMEstimates(boolean value) {
m_MEstimates = value;
}
/**
* Returns the tip text for this property
* @return tip text for this property suitable for
* displaying in the explorer/experimenter gui
*/
public String frequencyLimitTipText() {
return "Attributes with a frequency in the train set below "
+ "this value aren't used as parents.";
}
/**
* Sets the frequency limit
*
* @param f the frequency limit
*/
public void setFrequencyLimit(int f) {
m_Limit = f;
}
/**
* Gets the frequency limit.
*
* @return the frequency limit
*/
public int getFrequencyLimit() {
return m_Limit;
}
/**
* Returns a description of the classifier.
*
* @return a description of the classifier as a string.
*/
public String toString() {
StringBuffer text = new StringBuffer();
text.append("The AODE Classifier");
if (m_Instances == null) {
text.append(": No model built yet.");
} else {
try {
for (int i = 0; i < m_NumClasses; i++) {
// print to string, the prior probabilities of class values
text.append("\nClass " + m_Instances.classAttribute().value(i) +
": Prior probability = " + Utils.
doubleToString(((m_ClassCounts[i] + 1)
/(m_SumInstances + m_NumClasses)), 4, 2)+"\n\n");
}
text.append("Dataset: " + m_Instances.relationName() + "\n"
+ "Instances: " + m_NumInstances + "\n"
+ "Attributes: " + m_NumAttributes + "\n"
+ "Frequency limit for superParents: " + m_Limit + "\n");
text.append("Correction: ");
if (!m_MEstimates)
text.append("laplace\n");
else
text.append("m-estimate (m=" + m_Weight + ")\n");
} catch (Exception ex) {
text.append(ex.getMessage());
}
}
return text.toString();
}
/**
* Returns the revision string.
*
* @return the revision
*/
public String getRevision() {
return RevisionUtils.extract("$Revision: 1.19 $");
}
/**
* Main method for testing this class.
*
* @param argv the options
*/
public static void main(String [] argv) {
runClassifier(new AODE(), argv);
}
}
The table below shows all metrics for AODE.java.
| Metric | Value | Description | |
|---|---|---|---|
| BLOCKS | 57.00 | Number of blocks | |
| BLOCK_COMMENT | 21.00 | Number of block comment lines | |
| COMMENTS | 303.00 | Comment lines | |
| COMMENT_DENSITY | 0.99 | Comment density | |
| COMPARISONS | 35.00 | Number of comparison operators | |
| CYCLOMATIC | 64.00 | Cyclomatic complexity | |
| DECL_COMMENTS | 44.00 | Comments in declarations | |
| DOC_COMMENT | 241.00 | Number of javadoc comment lines | |
| ELOC | 305.00 | Effective lines of code | |
| EXEC_COMMENTS | 38.00 | Comments in executable code | |
| EXITS | 44.00 | Procedure exits | |
| FUNCTIONS | 23.00 | Number of function declarations | |
| HALSTEAD_DIFFICULTY | 87.78 | Halstead difficulty | |
| HALSTEAD_EFFORT | 0.00 | Halstead effort | |
| INTERFACE_COMPLEXITY | 44.00 | Interface complexity | |
| JAVA0001 | 0.00 | JAVA0001 Package name does not contain only lower case letters | |
| JAVA0002 | 1.00 | JAVA0002 Package name does not begin with a top level domain name or country code | |
| JAVA0003 | 0.00 | JAVA0003 Minimize use of on-demand (.*) imports | |
| JAVA0004 | 0.00 | JAVA0004 Unnecessary import from java.lang | |
| JAVA0005 | 1.00 | JAVA0005 Imports not in specified order | |
| JAVA0006 | 0.00 | JAVA0006 Empty finally block | |
| JAVA0007 | 0.00 | JAVA0007 Should not declare public field | |
| JAVA0008 | 0.00 | JAVA0008 Empty catch block | |
| JAVA0009 | 0.00 | JAVA0009 Protected member in final class | |
| JAVA0010 | 0.00 | JAVA0010 Non-instantiable class does not contain a non-private static member | |
| JAVA0011 | 0.00 | JAVA0011 Abstract class does not contain an abstract method | |
| JAVA0012 | 0.00 | JAVA0012 Non-constructor method with same name as declaring class | |
| JAVA0013 | 0.00 | JAVA0013 Non-blank final field is not static | |
| JAVA0014 | 0.00 | JAVA0014 Class with only static members has non-private constructor | |
| JAVA0015 | 0.00 | JAVA0015 Package class contains public nested type | |
| JAVA0016 | 0.00 | JAVA0016 Abstract class contains public constructor | |
| JAVA0017 | 0.00 | JAVA0017 Class name does not have required form | |
| JAVA0018 | 0.00 | JAVA0018 Method name does not have required form | |
| JAVA0019 | 0.00 | JAVA0019 Interface name does not have required form | |
| JAVA0020 | 0.00 | JAVA0020 Field name does not have required form | |
| JAVA0021 | 0.00 | JAVA0021 Interface method name does not have required form | |
| JAVA0022 | 0.00 | JAVA0022 Static final field name does not have required form | |
| JAVA0023 | 0.00 | JAVA0023 Empty finalize method | |
| JAVA0024 | 0.00 | JAVA0024 Empty class | |
| JAVA0025 | 0.00 | JAVA0025 Method override is empty | |
| JAVA0026 | 0.00 | JAVA0026 Finalize method with parameters | |
| JAVA0029 | 0.00 | JAVA0029 Private method not used | |
| JAVA0030 | 0.00 | JAVA0030 Private field not used | |
| JAVA0031 | 0.00 | JAVA0031 Case statement not properly closed | |
| JAVA0032 | 0.00 | JAVA0032 Switch statement missing default | |
| JAVA0033 | 0.00 | JAVA0033 default: not last case in switch statement | |
| JAVA0034 | 21.00 | JAVA0034 Missing braces in if statement | |
| JAVA0035 | 0.00 | JAVA0035 Missing braces in for statement | |
| JAVA0036 | 0.00 | JAVA0036 Missing braces in while statement | |
| JAVA0038 | 0.00 | JAVA0038 Non-case label in switch statement | |
| JAVA0039 | 0.00 | JAVA0039 Break statement with label | |
| JAVA0040 | 0.00 | JAVA0040 Switch statement contains N cases (maximum: M) | |
| JAVA0041 | 0.00 | JAVA0041 Nested synchronized block | |
| JAVA0042 | 0.00 | JAVA0042 Empty synchronized statement | |
| JAVA0043 | 0.00 | JAVA0043 Inner class does not use outer class | |
| JAVA0044 | 0.00 | JAVA0044 Serializable class with no instance variables | |
| JAVA0045 | 0.00 | JAVA0045 Serializable class with only transient fields | |
| JAVA0046 | 0.00 | JAVA0046 Name of class not derived from Exception ends with 'Exception' | |
| JAVA0047 | 0.00 | JAVA0047 Serializable class derives from invalid base class | |
| JAVA0048 | 0.00 | JAVA0048 Name of class derived from Exception does not end with 'Exception' | |
| JAVA0049 | 0.00 | JAVA0049 Nested block at depth N (maximum: M) | |
| JAVA0050 | 0.00 | JAVA0050 Class derives from java.lang.Error | |
| JAVA0051 | 0.00 | JAVA0051 Class derives from java.lang.RuntimeException | |
| JAVA0052 | 0.00 | JAVA0052 Class derives from java.lang.Throwable | |
| JAVA0053 | 0.00 | JAVA0053 Unused label | |
| JAVA0054 | 0.00 | JAVA0054 Inheritance depth N exceeds maximum M | |
| JAVA0055 | 0.00 | JAVA0055 Class should be interface | |
| JAVA0056 | 0.00 | JAVA0056 Unnecessary abstract modifier for interface or annotation | |
| JAVA0057 | 0.00 | JAVA0057 Unnecessary default constructor | |
| JAVA0058 | 0.00 | JAVA0058 Constructor calls super() | |
| JAVA0059 | 0.00 | JAVA0059 Method override only calls super() | |
| JAVA0061 | 0.00 | JAVA0061 Inaccessible member in anonymous class | |
| JAVA0062 | 0.00 | JAVA0062 Public class missing public member or protected constructor | |
| JAVA0063 | 0.00 | JAVA0063 Identifier name should not contain '$' | |
| JAVA0064 | 0.00 | JAVA0064 N variations of identifier name (maximum: M) | |
| JAVA0065 | 0.00 | JAVA0065 Unnecessary final modifier for method in final class | |
| JAVA0066 | 0.00 | JAVA0066 Unnecessary modifier for interface nested type | |
| JAVA0067 | 0.00 | JAVA0067 Array descriptor on identifier name | |
| JAVA0068 | 0.00 | JAVA0068 Modifiers not declared in recommended order | |
| JAVA0071 | 0.00 | JAVA0071 Strings compared with == | |
| JAVA0073 | 0.00 | JAVA0073 Integer division in floating-point context | |
| JAVA0074 | 0.00 | JAVA0074 Use of Object.notify() | |
| JAVA0075 | 0.00 | JAVA0075 Method parameter hides field | |
| JAVA0076 | 0.00 | JAVA0076 Use of magic number | |
| JAVA0077 | 0.00 | JAVA0077 Private field not used in declaring class | |
| JAVA0078 | 0.00 | JAVA0078 Floating point values compared with == | |
| JAVA0079 | 0.00 | JAVA0079 Use of instance to reference static member | |
| JAVA0080 | 0.00 | JAVA0080 Import declaration not used | |
| JAVA0081 | 0.00 | JAVA0081 Boolean literal in comparison | |
| JAVA0082 | 5.00 | JAVA0082 Unnecessary widening cast | |
| JAVA0083 | 0.00 | JAVA0083 Unnecessary instanceof test | |
| JAVA0084 | 0.00 | JAVA0084 Should use compound assignment operator | |
| JAVA0085 | 0.00 | JAVA0085 Use of sun.* class | |
| JAVA0087 | 0.00 | JAVA0087 Use of Thread.sleep() | |
| JAVA0089 | 0.00 | JAVA0089 Use of restricted package | |
| JAVA0092 | 0.00 | JAVA0092 Use of restricted type | |
| JAVA0093 | 0.00 | JAVA0093 Redundant assignment | |
| JAVA0094 | 1.00 | JAVA0094 Field hides a superclass field | |
| JAVA0095 | 0.00 | JAVA0095 Uninitialized private field | |
| JAVA0096 | 0.00 | JAVA0096 Field in nested class hides outer field | |
| JAVA0098 | 0.00 | JAVA0098 Minimize use of implicit field initializers | |
| JAVA0100 | 1.00 | JAVA0100 Class contains N non-final fields (maximum: M) | |
| JAVA0101 | 0.00 | JAVA0101 Unnecessary modifier for field in interface | |
| JAVA0102 | 0.00 | JAVA0102 Last statement in finalize() not super.finalize() | |
| JAVA0103 | 0.00 | JAVA0103 Explicit call to finalize() | |
| JAVA0104 | 0.00 | JAVA0104 finalize() only calls super.finalize() | |
| JAVA0105 | 0.00 | JAVA0105 Duplicate import declaration | |
| JAVA0106 | 0.00 | JAVA0106 Unnecessary import from current package | |
| JAVA0108 | 0.00 | JAVA0108 Incorrect javadoc: no @param tag for 'parameter' | |
| JAVA0109 | 0.00 | JAVA0109 Incorrect javadoc: no parameter 'parameter' | |
| JAVA0110 | 0.00 | JAVA0110 Incorrect javadoc: no @return tag | |
| JAVA0111 | 0.00 | JAVA0111 Incorrect javadoc: @return tag for void method | |
| JAVA0112 | 0.00 | JAVA0112 Incorrect javadoc: no exception 'exception' in throws | |
| JAVA0113 | 0.00 | JAVA0113 Incorrect javadoc: no @author tag | |
| JAVA0114 | 0.00 | JAVA0114 Incorrect javadoc: no @version tag | |
| JAVA0115 | 0.00 | JAVA0115 Incorrect javadoc: no @throws or @exception tag for 'exception' | |
| JAVA0116 | 0.00 | JAVA0116 Missing javadoc: field 'field' | |
| JAVA0117 | 0.00 | JAVA0117 Missing javadoc: method 'method' | |
| JAVA0118 | 0.00 | JAVA0118 Missing javadoc: type 'type' | |
| JAVA0119 | 0.00 | JAVA0119 Control variable changed within body of for loop | |
| JAVA0123 | 0.00 | JAVA0123 Use all three components of for loop | |
| JAVA0125 | 0.00 | JAVA0125 Continue statement with label | |
| JAVA0126 | 0.00 | JAVA0126 Method declares unchecked exception in throws | |
| JAVA0128 | 0.00 | JAVA0128 Public constructor in non-public class | |
| JAVA0130 | 0.00 | JAVA0130 Non-static method does not use instance fields | |
| JAVA0131 | 0.00 | JAVA0131 Compatible method does not override base | |
| JAVA0132 | 0.00 | JAVA0132 Method overload with compatible signature | |
| JAVA0133 | 0.00 | JAVA0133 Non-synchronized method overrides synchronized method | |
| JAVA0135 | 0.00 | JAVA0135 Only one of Object.equals and Object.hashCode defined: missing 'method' | |
| JAVA0136 | 1.00 | JAVA0136 N methods defined in class (maximum: M) | |
| JAVA0137 | 1.00 | JAVA0137 Non-abstract class missing constructor | |
| JAVA0138 | 0.00 | JAVA0138 N parameters defined for method (maximum: M) | |
| JAVA0139 | 0.00 | JAVA0139 Definition of main other than public static void main(java.lang.String[]) | |
| JAVA0141 | 0.00 | JAVA0141 Unnecessary modifier for method in interface | |
| JAVA0143 | 0.00 | JAVA0143 Synchronized method | |
| JAVA0144 | 2.00 | JAVA0144 Line exceeds maximum M characters | |
| JAVA0145 | 11.00 | JAVA0145 Tab character used in source file | |
| JAVA0150 | 0.00 | JAVA0150 java.lang.Error (or subclass) thrown | |
| JAVA0153 | 0.00 | JAVA0153 Inefficient conversion of integer to string | |
| JAVA0159 | 0.00 | JAVA0159 Inefficient conversion of string to integer | |
| JAVA0160 | 0.00 | JAVA0160 Method does not throw specified exception | |
| JAVA0161 | 0.00 | JAVA0161 Conditional wait() not in loop | |
| JAVA0163 | 0.00 | JAVA0163 Empty statement | |
| JAVA0165 | 0.00 | JAVA0165 Conflicting return statement in finally block | |
| JAVA0166 | 1.00 | JAVA0166 Generic exception caught | |
| JAVA0167 | 0.00 | JAVA0167 ThreadDeath not rethrown | |
| JAVA0169 | 0.00 | JAVA0169 Unnecessary catch block: exception 'exception' | |
| JAVA0170 | 0.00 | JAVA0170 Caught exception not derived from java.lang.Exception | |
| JAVA0171 | 0.00 | JAVA0171 Unused local variable | |
| JAVA0173 | 0.00 | JAVA0173 Unused method parameter | |
| JAVA0174 | 0.00 | JAVA0174 Assigned local variable never used | |
| JAVA0175 | 0.00 | JAVA0175 Successive assignment to variable | |
| JAVA0176 | 0.00 | JAVA0176 Local variable name does not have required form | |
| JAVA0177 | 8.00 | JAVA0177 Variable declaration missing initializer | |
| JAVA0179 | 0.00 | JAVA0179 Local variable hides visible field | |
| JAVA0233 | 1.00 | JAVA0233 Definition of serialVersionUID other than 'private static final long serialVersionUID' | |
| JAVA0234 | 0.00 | JAVA0234 Class is Serializable but does not define serialVersionUID | |
| JAVA0235 | 0.00 | JAVA0235 Class defines serialVersionUID but does not implement Serializable | |
| JAVA0236 | 0.00 | JAVA0236 Attempt to clone an object which does not implement Cloneable | |
| JAVA0237 | 1.00 | JAVA0237 Class implements Cloneable but does not have public clone method | |
| JAVA0238 | 0.00 | JAVA0238 Clone method does not call super.clone() | |
| JAVA0239 | 0.00 | JAVA0239 Class declares 'readObject' or 'writeObject' but does not implement Serializable | |
| JAVA0240 | 0.00 | JAVA0240 Serializable class which declares readObject or writeObject but not both | |
| JAVA0241 | 0.00 | JAVA0241 'readObject' or 'writeObject' should be declared private in Serializable class | |
| JAVA0242 | 0.00 | JAVA0242 Transient field in non-Serializable class | |
| JAVA0243 | 0.00 | JAVA0243 'readResolve' or 'writeReplace' should be declared private or protected | |
| JAVA0244 | 0.00 | JAVA0244 Field or method name in subclass differs only by case from inherited field or method | |
| JAVA0245 | 0.00 | JAVA0245 JUnit TestCase with non-trivial constructor | |
| JAVA0246 | 0.00 | JAVA0246 JUnit assertXXX statement missing message parameter | |
| JAVA0247 | 0.00 | JAVA0247 JUnit 'setUp()' and 'tearDown()' should call super method | |
| JAVA0248 | 0.00 | JAVA0248 JUnit method 'setUp' or 'tearDown' with incorrect signature | |
| JAVA0249 | 0.00 | JAVA0249 JUnit TestCase 'suite()' should be declared static | |
| JAVA0250 | 0.00 | JAVA0250 JUnit TestCase declares testXXX method with incorrect signature | |
| JAVA0251 | 0.00 | JAVA0251 Use '%n' for line breaks in printf/format for platform independence | |
| JAVA0252 | 0.00 | JAVA0252 'enum' is a Java 1.5 reserved word | |
| JAVA0253 | 0.00 | JAVA0253 Not all enum constants consumed in switch statement | |
| JAVA0254 | 0.00 | JAVA0254 Use enhanced for loop construct instead of Iterator | |
| JAVA0255 | 0.00 | JAVA0255 Result of method invocation not used | |
| JAVA0256 | 0.00 | JAVA0256 Assignment of external collection/array to field | |
| JAVA0257 | 0.00 | JAVA0257 Use of 'Constant Interface' anti-pattern | |
| JAVA0258 | 0.00 | JAVA0258 Implement Iterable for foreach compatibility | |
| JAVA0259 | 0.00 | JAVA0259 Return of collection/array field | |
| JAVA0260 | 0.00 | JAVA0260 Use 'enum' instead of Enumerated Type pattern | |
| JAVA0261 | 0.00 | JAVA0261 Use specialized Enum collection types | |
| JAVA0262 | 0.00 | JAVA0262 Use of char in integer context | |
| JAVA0263 | 0.00 | JAVA0263 Long literal ends with 'l' instead of 'L' | |
| JAVA0264 | 0.00 | JAVA0264 Integer math in long context - check for overflow | |
| JAVA0265 | 0.00 | JAVA0265 Use of Throwable.printStackTrace() | |
| JAVA0266 | 2.00 | JAVA0266 Use of System.out | |
| JAVA0267 | 0.00 | JAVA0267 Use of System.err | |
| JAVA0269 | 0.00 | JAVA0269 Contents of StringBuffer never used | |
| JAVA0270 | 0.00 | JAVA0270 Use Java 5.0 enhanced for loop construct to iterate over all elements in an array | |
| JAVA0271 | 0.00 | JAVA0271 Minimize use of on-demand (.*) static imports | |
| JAVA0272 | 0.00 | JAVA0272 Thread.run() called | |
| JAVA0273 | 0.00 | JAVA0273 Non-final derivative of Thread calls start() in constructor | |
| JAVA0274 | 0.00 | JAVA0274 Serializable class has a synchronized readObject() | |
| JAVA0275 | 0.00 | JAVA0275 Serializable class has a synchronized writeObject() and no other synchronized methods | |
| JAVA0276 | 0.00 | JAVA0276 Unnecessary use of String constructor | |
| JAVA0277 | 0.00 | JAVA0277 Iterator.next() implementation does not throw NoSuchElementException | |
| JAVA0278 | 0.00 | JAVA0278 Unnecessary use of Boolean constructor | |
| JAVA0279 | 0.00 | JAVA0279 Serialization method readObject or readObjectNoData calls an overridable method | |
| JAVA0280 | 0.00 | JAVA0280 IllegalMonitorStateException caught | |
| JAVA0281 | 0.00 | JAVA0281 Iterator.next() not called in loop | |
| JAVA0282 | 0.00 | JAVA0282 Call to Iterator.next() in loop which does not test Iterator.hasNext() | |
| JAVA0283 | 0.00 | JAVA0283 Control variable not updated in loop body | |
| JAVA0284 | 0.00 | JAVA0284 Explicit garbage collection | |
| JAVA0285 | 0.00 | JAVA0285 Dereference of potentially null variable | |
| JAVA0286 | 0.00 | JAVA0286 Dereference of null variable | |
| JAVA0287 | 0.00 | JAVA0287 Unnecessary null check | |
| JAVA0288 | 0.00 | JAVA0288 Inconsistent null check | |
| LINES | 781.00 | Number of lines in the source file | |
| LINE_COMMENT | 41.00 | Number of line comments | |
| LOC | 355.00 | Lines of code | |
| LOGICAL_LINES | 201.00 | Number of statements | |
| LOOPS | 11.00 | Number of loops | |
| NEST_DEPTH | 5.00 | Maximum nesting depth | |
| OPERANDS | 790.00 | Number of operands | |
| OPERATORS | 1569.00 | Number of operators | |
| PARAMS | 11.00 | Number of formal parameter declarations | |
| PROGRAM_LENGTH | 2359.00 | Halstead program length | |
| PROGRAM_VOCAB | 286.00 | Halstead program vocabulary | |
| PROGRAM_VOLUME | 0.00 | Halstead program volume | |
| RETURNS | 33.00 | Number of return points from functions | |
| SIZE | 24280.00 | Size of the file in bytes | |
| UNIQUE_OPERANDS | 234.00 | Number of unique operands | |
| UNIQUE_OPERATORS | 52.00 | Number of unique operators | |
| WHITESPACE | 123.00 | Number of whitespace lines | |